Category: Uncategorized

What Does It Mean to be Accessible? 

“Accessible means a person with a disability is afforded the opportunity to acquire the same information, engage in the same interactions, and enjoy the same services as a person without a disability in an equally effective and equally integrated manner, with substantially equivalent ease of use,” (Disability Resource Office at NC State). 

Accessibility is vital to nurturing a healthy, safe, and inclusive culture on college campuses. Every person benefits from an inclusive culture (Burgstahler, 2018). However, making an accessible, inclusive culture in university housing goes far beyond having ramps, elevators, and other design choices you might expect. While ramps and elevators are obviously important, it is not uncommon for other needs of students with disabilities to be overlooked (Wisbey and Kalivoda, 2008). Unfortunately, these factors of inaccessibility on campuses are often found within shared student spaces in dorm halls, like common rooms, kitchens, and public bathrooms. Assessing the accessibility of residential buildings on college campuses can be generally categorized into building access, common rooms, bathrooms, and bedrooms. 

 

Building Access and Common Rooms

Doors, either automatically or electronically operated, into and within the building need to be wide enough for students in wheelchairs to comfortably enter. In common areas, like lounges and kitchens, having plenty of seating while still providing adequate space for wheelchairs goes a long way toward social inclusion within residential buildings. Of course, this is not an exhaustive list. 

Lack of access to and within residential buildings acts not only as a physical barrier, but a cultural one as well (Wisbey and Kalivoda, 2008). Even if there are other handi-accessible residential buildings, the mere presence of buildings like this sends the message to students with physical disabilities that there are fundamental differences between themselves and able-bodied students that can cause ‘othering’ and isolation. Physical and social exclusion creates spaces in which students with limited mobility legitimately cannot interact with other students. 

 

Bathrooms and Bedrooms

For many daily use objects, like light switches, sinks, and even toilets, height can limit the use for some students. Issues of inaccessibility in residential spaces disturb the transition to campus housing for students with disabilities (Wisbey and Kalivoda, 2008). 

Transitioning into college is difficult for most students, regardless of their ability status. While this change is disruptive for many students, students with disabilities may not have the same accommodations that they might have had access to while in high school and living at home. Students with mobility impairments experiencing these extra challenges may take more time to acclimate than those without such disabilities. Adjusting to new people, a new culture, and a new environment takes time, and this makes it difficult for many people to ask for help. 

 

Resources

For accessibility, usability and comfort ought to be priorities in housing, especially at universities with mandatory four-year on-campus housing. “If about 10 percent of college students have some kind of disability, they represent a significant group who deserves particular consideration.” (Haller, 2006).

• Accessibility Barrier Report Form – “We want to ensure that Furman University is accessible to all members of our campus community. If you have noticed a potential barrier, let us know how we can help by completing the Accessibility Barrier Report Form,” (Furman University Student Office for Accessibility Resources).
• Equal Access: Universal Design of Housing and Residential Life – “A checklist for making housing and residential life welcoming and accessible to everyone…This publication is a resource for campus housing and residential life staff and identifies key areas of concern, offers general guidance, and provides resources regarding disability access issues,” (Dr. Sheryl Burgstahler, University of Washington).

 

Citations

 

Burgstahler, Sheryl. 2018. “Equal Access: Universal Design of Housing and Residential Life”. DOIT. https://www.washington.edu/doit/sites/default/files/atoms/files/EA_Housing_0.pdf 

 

Heller, Beth A. 2006. “Promoting Disability-Friendly Campuses to Prospective Students:

An Analysis of University Recruitment Materials”. Disability Studies Quarterly 26, 2 (Spring). https://dsq-sds.org/index.php/dsq/article/view/673/850 

 

Martha E. Wisbey and Karen S. Kalivoda. 2008. “Residential Living For All: Fully Accessible and “Liveable” On-Campus Housing”. Pedagogy and Student Services for Institutional Transformation: Implementing Universal Design in Higher Education. 22:255-266. https://staff.tiiame.uz/storage/users/83/books/SNOv99cdqniYAFjBzBcRUFxaeq9WiUh5VsCkrGKP.pdf#page=265 

How do we think about sustainability in our daily lives? It can be easy to consider the concept as one that’s entirely big-picture or out of our hands, or some kind of box to check so long as we recycle and watch how much of this or that we consume and produce, when in reality, there’s a great deal more to uncover. We can take steps towards environmentally-conscious lifestyles here and now—even if that comes in some unorthodox forms.

Video games are a rather common pastime nowadays, having grown in popularity since their rise to fame in the ‘70s and ‘80s. Starting from computer programs, moving to arcade cabinets, and settling today in the comfort of one’s own home, virtual entertainment has expanded to an empire—but as it increases in popularity, one can also find greater and greater increases in environmental effects. New consoles, new games, even new accessories often require a number of plastics and/or mined materials to be produced on the kind of global scale required to meet demands. These products often require specific methods to be disposed of properly, such as dedicated electronics recycling boxes one might find scattered around the US, but the effectiveness of these boxes can be iffy. After all, sometimes it just seems simpler to throw things in the garbage and forget about it.

The materials themselves aren’t the only environmental issue present in video games, either. Energy consumption plays a major role in this industry, an unsurprising fact given its technological nature. The energy consumed through gaming has been documented at levels as high as 34 terawatt-hours a year in 2020 (which is around $5 billion in energy expenditures!) Thankfully, some of the big names in gaming, Sony, Microsoft, and Nintendo, are stepping up to the plate. All three have made statements, and some actions, toward a lessened, negated, or even negative footprint within upcoming years. Within households, this will hopefully take the form of more energy-efficient consoles, keeping consumption low without sacrificing the quality they aim to produce.

All of this is still big talk, though—what does that have to do with us? While we may not have as big a hand in helping or hindering as these companies do, there are still actions we can take, as well as information we can keep in mind, to contribute to environmentally-friendly gaming.

It’s important to note that gaming consoles are, in most cases, machines that operate via direct connection to a power outlet of some kind. In the same way that you can be conscious of keeping the lights on in an unoccupied room or making sure various appliances are unplugged, be sure to fully disconnect any devices that aren’t in use—while power buttons can switch consoles into a low-power or “sleep” mode, they still consume energy.

While it may depend on how many games you play, another factor to consider is game storage. The discs, chips, manuals, cases, and more that make up even just one game start to add up over time, and while avoiding them in favor of digital storage can be a smart move in terms of physical waste, it also adds to energy usage by the servers that store that data. If you’re the type of gamer who collects a lot of storage-heavy games—if you need to purchase more than your console comes with, for example—than maybe consider investing in physical storage cards. There are a number of options available for this, all of which are adept at holding multiple digital versions of games without the need for external servers.

While the digital world seems divorced from that of the real, physical place we all call home, they regardless affect one another as industries and awareness continue to grow. If you play as many games as I do, I hope that this has opened your eyes to that connection.

Sources:

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40869-019-00084-2

https://dundle.com/magazine/en/sustainability-video-games-how-green-is-next-gen-gaming/

https://earth.org/sustainability-and-the-video-gaming-industry/

https://www.activesustainability.com/sustainable-life/video-games-encourage-sustainable-behaviour/

   When we hear the word “sustainability” the first thing that pops into our head is usually “environment”. We usually focus on how human practices impact the physical environment, whether that’s pollution, material usage, animal impact, etc. Another topic of sustainability that has recently grown in importance is social sustainability. Social sustainability could be in terms of business practices or communities.

The main goals of community social sustainability are to create a society in which people work together to get equal opportunities for all people, create a safe and diverse community, and make sure that everyone living in the community has a chance to voice their opinions. As a community, they want to attract and retain residents from a variety of backgrounds. Ideal social sustainability creates a community that is supported in the present as well as the future.

Some issues that interfere with a community’s ability to be sustainable is racism and discrimination within schools, workplaces, and social interactions. For example, certain schools receive more funding than others which causes a gap in education between children.  Another major issue is the equality of basic health needs. The well-being of humans is a large factor in what makes a community sustainable. Easy access, or lack thereof, to medical help directly determines life expectancy and infant mortality.

So how can we improve social sustainability within a community? First, we must recognize and address deep rooted systematic inequalities. For example, African Americans experience higher levels of poverty compared to other racial groups today because of horrible events and laws that were placed in this country 200 years ago. Next, we must correct underlying subconscious beliefs and be able to listen to others. We must be able to listen to ideas that aren’t our own and admit that some might be better for the community. Third, we must implement these ideas through policy. Policies could include making more affordable housing, more physical and mental medical support, and creating more equal education opportunities. However, all these policies must stay within the budget and resources available to be able to sustain the programs for a long time. In addition to policies, communities should also create events to boost community moral and tie the community together. Communities can create carnivals, fairs, and park activities. In my hometown, Fairport, New York, a major event that brings my town together is Canal Days. This event lines the main street in our town with members of the community to sell their products. This boosts the economy in our town as well as the moral of the town. Just this one event helps our town become more socially sustainable.

So, the next time you hear the word “sustainability”, think about more than just how humans effect the environment and more about how the communities we live in affect us. Think about your own town and how socially sustainable it is through the policies that are in place and how the overall beliefs in your community affect those around you. Remember that for a community to be socially sustainable, everyone must have the right to voice their opinion, and everyone needs to be open to new ideas.

 

References

https://bradyhummel.medium.com/social-sustainability-and-community-economic-development-what-are-they-and-why-are-they-important-188af25dcc53

 

https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2020/09/02/five-things-about-social-sustainability-and-inclusion

 

https://bradyhummel.medium.com/social-sustainability-and-community-economic-development-what-are-they-and-why-are-they-important-188af25dcc53

 

https://www.adecesg.com/resources/faq/what-is-social-sustainability/

 

https://diversity.social/social-sustainability/

 

 

         One of the many ways the Greenbelt Community engages with sustainable living is through composting. Not only does composting help plant growth, but it also helps reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Best of all, it is easy to compost on Furman’s campus. The Furman Farm has a great composting program that is tied in with the Dining Hall and the Eco Reps program.  

          Since the Furman Farm is organic, it uses compost instead of synthetic fertilizer to give the plants nutrients. Synthetic fertilizer can cause eutrophication when the nitrogen from the fertilizer seeps into the groundwater and runs off into local bodies of water. This nitrogen provides plenty of nutrients for harmful algal blooms to rapidly form. Algal blooms soak in the dissolved oxygen from the water, leading to severely low oxygen levels. Fish, among other aquatic wildlife, will die from the lack of oxygen in the water (Schlossberg). While composting is nutrient-rich like fertilizer, it strains out pollutants from waterways, and when properly applied, does not pose a significant eutrophication risk (Guidice). In addition to using compost, the Furman Farm uses compost tea to water the plants. Compost tea is made of compost, water, and a small amount of brown sugar or molasses (Justus), which promotes plant growth. 

         Beyond being a more eco-conscious substitute for fertilizer, composting also helps reduce greenhouse gas emissions. When food is sent to a landfill, it decays anaerobically and releases methane into the atmosphere (Brooksbank). Methane accelerates climate change at a rate 25 times greater than carbon dioxide (EPA Greenhouse Gas Emissions). By composting, Furman is reducing the amount of methane released into the atmosphere, and thereby reducing its greenhouse gas emissions.

          The compost at the Furman Farm comes from the Dining Hall and the Eco Reps composting program. The Eco Reps provide compost bins and educational resources to Furman students interested in composting. There are several on-campus sites to dispose of the compost collected in the dorm bins. All of the food waste from the dirty plates in the Dining Hall is put into large bins that are taken to the off-campus composting site. This site houses several industrial-sized composting piles that get used at the Furman Farm once the organic matter decomposes. These compost piles are watered and turned regularly to promote an ideal environment for the microbes that break down the decomposing waste. Since these composting piles are so efficient, dairy and meat products can be composted at Furman instead of just plant products (The Green Guide 8). 

          Although Furman does a stellar job at turning food waste into compost, it is difficult to stop non-compostable trash from entering the wrong waste stream. Non-compostable trash in the Dining Hall refers to any plastics; the food waste and the brown paper napkins can compost. Many students are unaware of the need to dispose of the trash on their plate before sending the food waste back to the Dining Hall’s kitchen. The Dining Hall workers quickly compost what is on the plate, which makes it easy for hard-to-spot trash and hidden silverware to end up in the compost piles. When the food waste has decomposed, the compost is used on the Furman Farm. The student farm hands are left to deal with picking trash and silverware out of otherwise beneficial compost (Justus). Since the compost is used alongside the produce, it poses potential health problems when plastic trash ends up next to the plants that are harvested and sent to the Dining Hall. 

         You can make a difference in Furman’s composting efforts by disposing of the non-compostable trash from your plate before putting your plate on the DH conveyor belt. Additionally, you can request a compost bin for your dorm from your Eco Rep. Your Eco Rep should contact you within the first month of the semester with information about receiving a compost bin. If you haven’t received an email about this, you can contact your RA. In order to avoid washing your compost bin every time, you can use compostable liners. This reduces the cleanup effort, which can help make composting a consistent habit. Small steps to become more environmentally-conscious can bring purpose to your life while helping your community become more sustainable.

Compost tea recipe:

Ingredients:

• 50 gallon bin 
• 5 gallon bucket of compost 
• 1 tablespoon molasses or brown sugar

Instructions: 

• Add compost and molasses/brown sugar into bin
• Fill 50 gallon bin with water
• Steep for a couple days until foamy 
• Sift foam off of the compost tea
• Agitate compost tea with shovel and refresh with more compost/sugar after it has been depleted 3-5 times 

Citations:

Brooksbank, Kim. “Composting to Avoid Methane Production – Western Australia.” 

Agriculture and Food, Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development , 9 Sept. 2022, https://www.agric.wa.gov.au/climate-change/composting-avoid-methane-production-%E2%80%93-western-australia. 

“Greenhouse Gas Emissions.” EPA, Environmental Protection Agency, 16 May 2022, 

https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/overview-greenhouse-gases#CH4-reference. 

Guidice, Heather. “Composting: An Easy Way to Reduce the Impacts of Food Waste & 

Improve Soil & Ocean Health .” Eat Blue, Eat Blue, 26 Feb. 2021, https://www.eat.blue/human-health/composting-an-easy-way-to-reduce-the-impacts-of-food-waste-improve-soil-ocean-health/. 

Justus, Kara. Personal interview. 24 September 2022. 

Schlossberg, Tatiana. “Fertilizers, a Boon to Agriculture, Pose Growing Threat to U.S. Waterways.” The New York Times, The New York Times, 27 July 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/27/climate/nitrogen-fertilizers-climate-change-pollution-waterways-global-warming.html. 

The Green Guide, Furman University, 2020, 

https://www.furman.edu/sustainability/wp-content/uploads/sites/181/2020/09/2020-Green-Guide.pdf. 

 

While we are exploring our own little experiment of sustainable living in the Greenbelt community, I think it is important to look beyond our immediate bubble and take a look at other sustainable living concepts. While it is certainly valuable to generate our own ideas and projects through our creativity and spirit, we can also learn a lot from looking at other communities and their approaches and creative solutions that are successful or not. On our recent field trip, we saw one example of a remote community focused on sustainability, but I rather want to focus on another community that was based on the idea of urban sustainable development and set an example for many other projects to come.

A district of my hometown in Germany, Vauban, was used by the French occupation army as a military base until the fall of the wall in 1989 (5). When the city of Freiburg bought up the land in 1992, grassroots organizations made up of anti-nuclear protesters, environmental and student activists fought for the creation of a unique project of sustainable living to be implemented in this new district of the city (5, 6). The citizen participation in the upheaval of the project continued throughout the planning, implementation, and the actual living experience today and made the project what it is today. The district implements a unique concept for homeownership and energy, transportation, and community living. Vauban’s plan thus incorporated social, economic, and environmental dimensions which speak to a holistic approach to sustainable development that turned out to be very successful. Since its initial plans, it has won multiple national and international awards in sustainable urban design, development, and citizen participation by the United Nations and other institutions (4).

Besides generally using democratic modes for decision-making in the planning process, democracy stays part of the life of the people who live in Vauban. The district was divided into different public and private interest groups that sought architects to build their neighborhoods after their interests and ideas. These interest groups established their own council and guidelines about how they wanted to live together in the neighborhood. The division into interest groups gave residents a voice in forming their environment. Many neighborhoods went above the general guidelines for the sustainability of Vauban and created even more energy-efficient and environmentally conscious housing. This shows how having a right to participation can foster the feeling of being able to make a difference and a sense of responsibility. I believe that this is a powerful way we can create a greater sense of responsibility for our decisions towards sustainability. Increasing student participation in big decisions our university takes regarding new building structures and our energy sources would improve the general environmental consciousness amongst the student body.

One example of these neighborhood communities is the “Sun ship”. Besides having a passive house standard (houses generating as much energy through renewable sources as they use) across all of Vauban, the “Sun ship” is a “Plus energy” neighborhood – the community creates more energy through solar and geothermal sources than it uses (4). Thus, it can feed surplus renewable energy back into the grid. Many other building techniques like the intentional placement of windows and trees for optimal heat retention and cooling, advanced insulation and passive ventilation technology, and other technologies were incorporated to achieve energy neutrality. While there is certainly a lot of practical building technology we can learn from these houses, I think more importantly we can see how these advanced technologies are not just big dreams of environmentalists but feasible options for designing homes.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Parking space is decentralized in parking garages and when signing a lease for an apartment, you commit yourself to living car-free or paying significantly high fees and annual taxes for a parking space in the garage. Carsharing is available and members get a free pass for all forms of public transport in Freiburg. Significant financial incentives and a great light rail, bus, and train connection lead to car ownership in Vauban of 75% lower than the average car ownership per person in the US (4). I think creating economic incentives such as higher fees for parking spaces while simultaneously making more sustainable transport options more accessible and financially beneficial can be leveraged on our campus to decrease short-distance car use.

 

While being connected well to the inner city of Freiburg, Vauban’s district concept also tries to encourage local sustenance by having local food supply as well as other stores within the district. One can find restaurants, organic convenience stores, small clothing, and art business, and community gardens distributed across Vauban (3). Besides emphasizing local sustenance, the placement of shops and community gathering places in the district has another intentionality – creating a tight-knit community was also a goal in Vauban’s design (2). As much as social sustainability can sound secondary in sustainable design, I think Vauban demonstrates that the tightness of a community can significantly enhance everyone’s willingness to commit to certain changes, increase the probability of actually realizing these changes, and maintain the projects by holding each other accountable.

To conclude, Vauban is a successful example of sustainable urban development that includes many approaches that we can learn from for our Greenbelt community. A major contributor to the success was the citizen participation that initiated the beginning of the project and remains the basis for the maintenance of the community. The US is a special place where novel entrepreneurship is highly supported, and this campus has many resources for us to create initiatives and make active decisions for the community. Thus, I think we are in a unique place and time of our lives when we can and should dream big.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Sources

1. https://stadtteil-vauban.de/
2. https://uclg-cisdp.org/sites/default/files/observatory/files/2021-06/Freiburg_EN.pdf
3. https://www.smartcitiesdive.com/ex/sustainablecitiescollective/words-most-successful-model-sustainable-urban-development/229316/
4. https://www.witpress.com/Secure/ejournals/papers/D%26NE080401f.pdf
5. http://cjjnwdb.plusenergiehaus.de/files/pdf/Foro_Internacional_de_Vivienda_Sustentable_2010.pdf
6. http://publications.rwth-aachen.de/record/231115/files/6_pt_materialien_32-1.pdf

 

 

“What happens to poor people is never divorced from the actions of the powerful… control of lives is related to control of land, systems of production, and the formal political and legal structures in which lives are enmeshed.” – Harvard graduate, medical and poverty anthropologist, Dr. Paul Farmer.

The same political and social systems that continue to pollute the earth with unethical development and rampant demolition are simultaneously responsible for perpetuating an economic hierarchy that disproportionately damages poor communities for the benefit and comfort of the affluent (Brady 2017). 

Despite the frequent hegemonic portrayal of poverty as a consequence of laziness, in actuality, poverty is the result of numerous deliberate efforts to perpetuate the absence of power that initially forces a person into poverty. One out of every 10 people in Greenville, South Carolina live in poverty; Greenville is also in the top 10 places in the country with difficult or no economic mobility (United Way of Greenville).

The impacts of burning fossil fuels as the primary source of global energy disproportionately expose low-income, disadvantaged communities to hazardous waste and pollutants, despite the low proportion of energy that is consumed in those same areas. Anthropogenic air and water pollution starts and ends in poor communities, both within local city-level settings, and globally such as in Yemen and southeast Asia (Al-Ariki 2006). The poor citizens of every nation are at the greatest locational risk for disaster and adverse health consequences (Hekmatpour 2022).

Exposure to neurotoxic chemicals in early life and prenatal environmental conditions can cause permanent changes in brain structure, chemistry, behavior, and development (Weiss 2006). In addition to an array of confounding factors, the most significant risk factor for developing cancer, obesity, heart disease, and asthma is simply being poor for extended periods, due to the various consequences of food instability and prolonged stress on immunicity (Cellini 2009). Poverty is also the most significant indicator of childhood health complications, childhood mortality rate, and rates of childhood injury – both unintentional and intentional.

Furthermore, a recent Alabama study indicates that the likelihood of dying from these illnesses, in addition to all medical conditions, is much greater for poor individuals. In some cases, the mortality rate difference among children was more than 30% with an additional 9% increase for every 20 miles further from treatment locations (Hoppmann 2022).

 

“Where you live should not determine whether you live or whether you die” – Activist and philanthropist Paul David Hewson

As of 2020, the childhood poverty rates were as follows:

16% of children in America (US Census 2020), 

22.1% of children in South Carolina (Children’s Trust of South Carolina, 2020),

14.6% of people in Greenville (South Carolina Revenue and Fiscal Affairs Office 2020). 

Childhood malnutrition is a severe but frequent consequence of persistent poverty. In a biomedical study of the effects of poverty, Weiss, et. al indicate that malnourishment can make children more prone to worsened mental and functional health, and also contribute to lower academic receptiveness and retention (Weiss 2006). A 1994 study found that the health and educational disparities of poverty are correlated with cognitive deficits in children and an average of 3% lower IQ (Herrnstein and Murray 1994). However, this is not to be misconstrued that poor people are naturally not as smart as their affluent counterparts are. But rather, the physical inability to regularly meet health and safety conditions impacts their ability to perform within systems that are already pre-designed to disadvantage them. 

In fact, the Public American Education system policy of funding school districts via local property taxes demonstrates that it is not designed to support the socio-economic mobility of lesser-educated and disadvantaged students. This is why entire states, including South Carolina, Mississippi, and Alabama consistently rank poorly on the scale of National Education Standards. This is an example of the so-called “poverty trap” as described by a political science and public policy professor at Brown University (Allard 2019).

However, the impacts of poverty are not limited to the families and individuals actively experiencing it, but rather our current socioeconomic system will inevitably be the detriment of the Earth’s ecological and geographical health (Rohr 2022). Citizens are not able to take care of the earth until they are confident in taking care of themselves, and thus global sustainability is not achievable without the eradication of poverty.

But what exactly can be done to stop and reverse these centuries-old cycles of poverty? The answer is surprisingly simple: the implementation of sustainable alternatives are a powerful tool of poverty alleviation, starting with the improvement of home efficiency (Paul 2021). 

Rather than forcing significant lifestyle alterations or offering financial supplements, community outreach and activism should work alongside poor households to empower them to decide what sustainability efforts are compatible with their pre-existing lifestyle choices. Programs such as Furman’s Community Conservation Corps have proven highly effective at mitigating the elevated base costs of living that prevent economic mobility, especially within the common household. Offering a series of non-invasive sustainable implementations, such as weatherized insulation and high-efficiency light bulbs, would be most beneficially impactful without uprooting the preexisting traditions and lifestyles of these people (Lane 2018). 

A prevalent question of concern is: Who are we expecting to pay for these sustainability efforts? Well, the affluent are notorious for their elaborate investments and passive income methods, and yet, they fail to see the social profitability of investing in people and the ethical obligation to lessen the immediate consequences of their actions and choices. 

Nonetheless, with the economy in mind, the Ecological Modernization Theory (EMT) evaluates the potential costs of environmental and social crises in comparison to the cost of adopting more sustainable environmental and social systems (Filho 2021). They also evaluate the opportunity costs of employment sectors to conclude that after ecological and social crises have been relatively resolved the economy will be capable of growing without further widening the wealth gap.

Simply, poverty is unstainable. Poverty is not a mere lack of money, but rather a perpetual system established to prevent socio-economic mobility and reinforce cultural-political hierarchy. The worsening global climate conditions are only exacerbating the impacts of poverty, and these consequences are no longer conceptual or hypothetical. People are dying from being poor on a geo-political Earth that was not designed to allow them to live.

“The opposite of poverty is not wealth; the opposite of poverty is enough.” President Emeritus of Compassion International, Dr. Wess Stafford

 

References

Al-Ariki, A. 20 Mar. 2006. Environment, poverty and sustainability. Yemen Times (Sanaa, Yemen), sec. Health,  NewsBank: Access World News, infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=AWNB&docref=news/1107E218E0581338. Accessed 22 Sept. 2022.

Allard, S. 2019. Pathways: Poverty Traps. Stanford Center on Poverty and Inequality. https://inequality.stanford.edu/sites/default/files/Pathways_Winter2019_Poverty-Traps.pdf 

Brady, D, Finnigan, R, & Hübgen, S. 2017. Rethinking the risks of poverty: A framework for analyzing prevalences and penalties. American Journal of Sociology, 123(3), 740–786. https://doi.org/10.1086/693678 

Brookings. April 2022. Lessons from the Village Enterprise development impact bond and beyond. Global Economy and Development. https://www.brookings.edu/events/breaking-the-cycle-of-poverty-through-innovative-finance/

Cellini, S, McKernan S, Ratcliffe, C, et. al. 2009. The dynamics of poverty in the United States: A review of data, methods, and findings. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 27(3), 577–605. https://doi.org/10.1002/pam.20337 

Children’s Trust of South Carolina. April 2022. Greenville County Child Well-Being Data Profile. https://scchildren.org/resources/kids-count-south-carolina/child-well-being-data-county-profiles/ 

Filho W, Lovren V, Will M, et. al. 2021. Poverty: A central barrier to the implementation of the UN Sustainable Development Goals, Environmental Science & Policy, vol. 125, 96-104, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2021.08.020.

Hekmatpour P, Leslie CM. 2022. Ecologically unequal exchange and disparate death rates attributable to air pollution: A comparative study of 169 countries from 1991 to 2017. Environ Res. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113161. 

Hoppmann, A, Dai, C, Daves, M, et. al. September 2022. Persistent Child Poverty and Mortality in a Cohort of Children with Cancer in Alabama. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-22-0353. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 36129811.

Lane, J, Kendrick, D, & Ellwood, D. April 2018. A Locally Based Initiative to Support People and Communities by Transformative Use of Data. USA Partnership on Mobility from Poverty. https://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/2022-03/data_paper.pdf

Paul, D. February 2021. Merging the poverty and environment agendas. International Institute for Sustainable Development. https://www.iisd.org/articles/deep-dive/merging-poverty-and-environment-agendas 

Rogalsky D, Mendola P, Metts TA, et. al. August 2014. Estimating the number of low-income Americans exposed to household air pollution from burning solid fuels. Environmental Health Perspectives. doi:10.1289/ehp.1306709. 

Rohr J, Bakhoum S, Barrett C. et. al. August 2022. A planetary health solution for disease, sustainability, food, water, and poverty challenges. Gale in Context: Ecology, Environment & Conservation. link.gale.com/apps/doc/A713837653/GRNR?u=furmanuniv&sid=bookmark-GRNR&xid=8a105d65. 

United Way of Greenville. September 2022. Greenville’s Economic Mobility Model. https://www.unitedwaygc.org/impact/economic-mobility/

Weiss B, Bellinger DC. October 2006. Social ecology of children’s vulnerability to environmental pollutants. Environmental Health Perspectives. doi: 10.1289/ehp.9101. PMID: 17035129; PMCID: PMC1626436.

When we think about sustainability, it’s easy to let our minds jump to impressive, large-scale solutions like solar panels or massive environmental cleanup projects—and while these are all great things, I want to focus on something a bit smaller and closer to home: your kitchen. Although it may seem like changing how you prepare your meals might be insignificant, when considered on a large scale, people’s individual cooking practices actually have the ability to make a sizeable impact on our society’s sustainability, making this an area we should absolutely be focusing on. 

This impact largely comes down to the issue of food waste. The EPA reported in 2018 that the residential sector alone generated about 25 million tons of food waste, of which 66% was sent to landfills, contributing to rising levels of methane and other greenhouse gases. Meanwhile, solutions like composting diverted just 3% of that waste stream, which, while disappointing, nevertheless presents great potential for future improvement. 

Reducing food waste can be broadly divided into two categories: 1.) minimizing excess food purchased/cooked, and 2.) dealing sustainably with any remaining waste. 

First, to lessen the amount of extra food you might buy, consider making a detailed meal plan each week, including the specific amounts of ingredients you’ll need—this will help you avoid waste from preparing too much food. This is especially important for perishable items like fruits and vegetables, which often spoil if you don’t use them quickly. However, for more shelf-stable foods, such as flour or sugar, plan to buy these in bulk, cutting down on cost and minimizing your use of disposable packaging. You can even reduce the amount of food you need to buy in the first place by growing a small herb/kitchen garden, growing your own green onions, or making your own sourdough starter. 

Second, composting and similar strategies offer a great way to reduce the amount of waste, both food and otherwise, that you generate while cooking meals. Some waste is obviously unavoidable, but by composting food scraps, spoiled vegetables, tea bags, paper, and other biodegradables, you can decrease that waste stream significantly: a small compost bin is easy to maintain, and in addition to handling most biodegradable kitchen waste, it also produces nutrient-rich compost that you can use in a small garden like the ones mentioned above. Similarly, by using reusable containers for storage and leftovers, you can reduce your non-compostable waste as well—the more single-use plastics you can replace with multiple-use items (think glass, metal, and ceramic), the fewer items will ultimately end up in landfills.

Sustainable practices extend to even our smallest everyday activities, and because of this, you can make a difference simply by changing a few things about your normal routine. Start composting, grow a garden, or even make your own sourdough starter: plenty of helpful resources are available online, and although the changes you make may be small, you can make your lifestyle significantly more sustainable—all from the comfort of your own kitchen.

https://www.epa.gov/recycle/preventing-wasted-food-home

https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2020-11/documents/2018_wasted_food_report.pdf

https://www.epa.gov/facts-and-figures-about-materials-waste-and-recycling/national-overview-facts-and-figures-materials#Landfilling

https://www.usda.gov/sites/default/files/documents/usda-food-waste-infographic.pdf

Disclaimer: In my ten or so years of knitting and crocheting (mostly knitting, although these pictures are of recent crochet projects), I have not intentionally thought about the sustainability of these crafts until moving into the Greenbelt. By no means am I an expert, but I am slowly making adjustments in my practices. Most of the pictures I have included are crafted from acrylic yarn, although it was purchased from thrift stores or donated to me and I hope to improve this in the future.

Knitting itself is rather sustainable because it is a way to opt out of the unsustainable system of fast fashion. Fast fashion is a term that applies to cheaply manufactured clothing imitations of current—fleeting—fashion trends (Joy et al.). A quick Google search of the advantages and disadvantages of fast fashion raises concerns over water use, chemical pollution, CO2 emissions and textile waste (Niinimäki et al.).

By knitting, you can circumvent the frequently sub-par labor policies of fast fashion companies. Among the plethora of issues with the labor force in the fast fashion industry is child labor. Globally, an estimated 170 million children are somehow involved in fast fashion’s labor force (Buzzo and Abreu).

Another advantage of knitting is that it often allows us to decrease our environmental footprints by infrequently hand washing and line drying projects. This minimizes our water and electricity usage and the release of microplastic and/or fiber fragments into the water system and eventually the environment during washing, drying, and wearing (​​Periyasamy and Ali).

Aside from the built-in sustainable aspects of knitting, there are a variety of choices we can make to make our craft more sustainable. Be kind to the environment and choose a few of these ideas which easily mesh with your knitting styles to begin incorporating into your daily life. And remember, individual sustainability is all about finding green practices that can realistically fit into your routines, so be kind to yourself!

1 Source your knitting needles from thrift shops. If you cannot find what you are looking for there, then opt for metal or bamboo knitting needles, which last longer than plastic options. If you do not already have a set of circular knitting needles, consider investing in an interchangeable needle set. They can be quite pricey, but are an investment that means you will use less resources.

2 Use the yarn you already have in your stash before purchasing more. Frog* the WIP** that has been sitting on your shelf for the past few months and repurpose the yarn. If you have an outdated blanket you no longer use, frog it too. If—like all good little knitters—you do gauge swatches***, reuse the yarn. When you finish a project, save those yarn scraps for a beautiful scrap blanket or other mix-and-match, scrap-friendly projects. I cannot wait until I have enough scraps for a blanket!

3 Head to the thrift store to get some yarn on the dime while giving new life to something that might otherwise go to a landfill. In addition to finding second-hand skeins of perfectly usable yarn, you can frog thrifted sweaters to repurpose the yarn. Read about how this practice can become a side hustle here. You can also easily upcycle old t-shirts, bed sheets, and plastic grocery bags into yarn as well, although these will not work for all projects. If nothing else, swap yarn you do not plan on using with fellow knitters or arrange community yarn exchanges.

4 If a project requires first-hand yarn, then research the advantages and disadvantages of yarn fibers first. Eco-Stylist’s A Guide to the Most and Least Sustainable Fabrics is a helpful starting place. It can be difficult to get to the true ecological footprint of yarns because there is not a hard and fast rule. After choosing a sustainable yarn fiber that will suit the needs of your project, research the practices of the company before making a purchase. Explore EcoCult’s The Best Sustainable and Ethical Knitting Yarns For Your Next Project for a brief overview of reputable yarn sources. Remember, organic does not always mean environmentally-friendly or ethical; be skeptical of greenwashing. If you can afford to, then buy locally and participate in the slow yarn movement. Slow yarn is any yarn that has been handmade, hand dyed, or in some way embellished by a real person rather than a factory machine.

5 Look for opportunities to replace disposable products with knitted alternatives. For example, Swiffer covers, shower scrubbies, shopping bags, and gift wrapping can all be easily knitted to minimize resource waste. Spend a few hours scrolling through Pinterest for inspiration or swap ideas with your local knitting community. I hope to begin phasing out disposable products and replacing them with knitted alternatives during my time here in the Greenbelt and beyond to life after Furman.

6 Gift, donate, raffle, or sell finished objects that you do not use. Like all knitters, I am guilty of keeping far too many “love it too much to part ways” projects lying around. While living in the Greenbelt, I hope to make progress in this area by experimenting and embracing a zero-waste business model as much as possible.

This is by no means an extensive list, but hopefully gets those creative juices flowing on how we can tweak our knitting habits to become more sustainable and encourage our fellow knitters to reflect on their practices as well.

 

 

For those unfamiliar with knitting terminology:

*Frog- Ripping out a project.

**WIP- Work in progress.

***Gauge swatch- A square piece of knitting completed before beginning a project that is meant to standardize the size of the finished product since knitting tensions, needles, and yarn interact uniquely.

 

 

Works Cited

“The Best Sustainable and Ethical Knitting Yarns for Your Next Project.” EcoCult, 6 Dec. 2021, https://ecocult.com/the-best-sustainable-and-ethical-knitting-yarns-for-your-next-project/.

Buzzo, Aline, and Maria José Abreu. “Fast Fashion versus Fair Trade and Labor Practices.” Fast Fashion, Fashion Brands and Sustainable Consumption, Springer, Singapore, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1268-7_1. Accessed 16 Sept. 2022. 

Gray, Kaitlyn. “A Guide to the Most and Least Sustainable Fabrics.” Eco-Stylist, 4 June 2022, https://www.eco-stylist.com/a-guide-to-the-most-and-least-sustainable-fabrics/.

Joy, Annamma, et al. “Fast Fashion, Sustainability, and the Ethical Appeal of Luxury Brands.” Fashion Theory, vol. 16, no. 3, 21 Apr. 2012, pp. 273–295., https://doi.org/10.2752/175174112×13340749707123. Accessed 16 Sept. 2022. 

Justus, Evan. Blue Granny Square Blanket on Tractor. Accessed 16 Sept. 2022. 

Justus, Evan. Scrap Yarn Collection. Accessed 16 Sept. 2022. 

Justus, Kara and Carter Carter. Multicolor Granny Square Bandana. Accessed 16 Sept. 2022. 

Niinimäki, Kirsi, et al. “The Environmental Price of Fast Fashion.” Nature Reviews: Earth and Environment, vol. 1, no. 4, 7 Apr. 2020, pp. 189–200., https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-020-0039-9. 

​​Periyasamy, Aravin Prince, and Ali Tehrani-Bagha. “A Review on Microplastic Emission from Textile Materials and Its Reduction Techniques.” Polymer Degradation and Stability, vol. 199, May 2022, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.109901. 

Singh, Rupa. “Sustainability Side Hustle: Q+A with Recycled Yarn.” Honestly Modern, 24 July 2022, https://www.honestlymodern.com/sustainability-side-hustle-recycled-yarn/.

Disclaimer: This content is intended for adults of legal drinking age. Please drink responsibly. 

As the school year wraps up and college students start celebrating the end of another year of papers, exams, and nights spent in the library, the partying also starts to pick up, and with that comes drinking. One thing most people do not consider, especially not college students, is the environmental impact of their alcoholic drink choices. Being environmentally conscious can feel like just another chore sometimes and picking out a locally sourced bottle of vodka rather than a ⅕ of Titos may never cross your mind as an avenue to reducing your carbon footprint. However, the alcohol industry has a huge carbon footprint and contributes to our changing climate through freshwater use, agricultural practices, transportation emissions, electricity use, refrigeration, fertilizer and pesticides, and packaging. During the brewing process anywhere from 3.5- 6 gallons of water may be used to produce just one gallon of beer. More shockingly, it takes 872 gallons of water to produce one gallon of wine. In terms of carbon dioxide, 2lbs of CO2 is generated per pint of beer, 6lbs per 750ml bottle of liquor, and 2.6lbs per bottle of wine. 

Next time you go to the store, consider purchasing alcohol made by brands that make efforts to minimize their environmental impacts. For example, Flor de Cana rum is a Fair-Trade certified distillery that operates entirely on renewable energy. Reyka vodka uses geothermal heating to power its distillery. Absolut is another sustainable vodka brand whose facilities are carbon neutral. When it comes to common beer brands, Anheser-Busch is eco-minded and brews using renewable energy. 

The best way, however, to cut down your carbon footprint is to purchase locally made alcohol from pubs and bars in your area. Locally sourced alcohol will undergo significantly less transportation, reducing the transport emissions within the product lifecycle. If you want to cut down even more, bike or walk to your local pub and purchase a locally brewed beverage!

Instead of buying mixers – like premade margarita mix – that come in plastic packaging, add some fresh herbs to your backyard garden or grow a few in your kitchen and spice up your mixed drinks with the herbs you grow at home!

Here’s a simple gin-based cocktail recipe for coinsures living in SC that’s perfect for this summer:

•  1.5 oz of Firefly gin (distilled in Charleston, SC)
• 4 strawberries (cut into small pieces)
• juice of half a lemon
• 1 T of sugar dissolved in 6 oz of water
• 10 mint leaves
• ice
• Directions:  Consider supporting your neighborhood farmer’s market and pick up the fresh ingredients from there or grow them in your garden! Muddle together the strawberries, mint leaves, and lemon juice in the base of a cocktail shaker. Add in the rest on the ingredients and shake well. Fill up your serving glass with fresh ice and strain the contents of the shaker into the glass. Garnish with any leftover strawberries or mint leaves and enjoy!

 

Works Cited: