Nuclear reactors have been used as a source of energy production for over half a century.[1] They are steam-based energy sources, using the heat from nuclear fission to turn water into high-pressure steam, which then spins large turbines and converts that energy into usable electricity. Unlike coal or natural gas, these power plants produce extremely low emissions of greenhouse gases. Nuclear energy already makes up a large amount of the U.S. energy production and accounts for nearly half of the emission-free energy in the country.[2] Since energy production makes up such a large portion of CO2 emissions in the world, having a source of energy that is emission free becomes more important each year. In addition to the reduction in emissions, nuclear power plants reduce the amount of space needed. A small amount of uranium fuel can produce massive amounts of energy, meaning a nuclear power plant can produce a greater amount of energy for less land and fuel than other methods. [3] Nuclear energy is a powerful source of efficient and emission-free energy, however it does not come without its challenges.

Three of the main challenges against nuclear energy are economic constraints, social distrust, and nuclear waste. One of the biggest downfalls of nuclear energy is its cost to construct a single power plant. Nuclear power plants are expensive, technically demanding, and time consuming, which all pressure the economy away from nuclear power.[4] An additional challenge is the social distrust when it comes to nuclear power, largely due to the meltdown of the Chernobyl reactor in 1986. This was one of the largest nuclear disasters in history, and as a result, much of the world turned away from nuclear power out of fear of any future meltdowns.[5] One of the most brought up concerns is what to do with the nuclear waste produced by these plants, which contains isotopes that may remain radioactive for thousands of years. This means that the waste cannot be disposed of in a clean way but must be stored in places that protect people from dangerous levels of radiation. This has been a topic of recent debate about the sustainability of nuclear reactors.[4]

While nuclear energy faces many undeniable challenges, it is also the most consistent source of CO2-free energy in the U.S. Wind turbines and solar panels are good for small amounts, but they are limited to only working when the conditions are right. Nuclear power does not have any of these constraints. It is by no means the perfect source and will inevitably need to be replaced in the future, but with CO2 levels rising each year and concern for the climate growing, nuclear energy could be the logical next step to a cleaner planet. It could provide a baseline of energy that cannot yet be guaranteed by renewable energy, supplying a temporary bridge until a better, alternative renewable source can be found.
_______________________________________
[1] Lerner, Louise. “The First Nuclear Reactor, Explained.” UChicago News.
[2] Office of Nuclear Energy. “Advantages and Challenges of Nuclear Energy.” U.S. Department of Energy, June 11, 2024.
[3] Office of Nuclear Energy. “3 Reasons Why Nuclear Is Clean and Sustainable.” U.S. Department of Energy, March 31, 2021.
[4] Igini, Martina. “The Advantages and Disadvantages of Nuclear Energy.” Earth.org, January 28, 2023.
[5] World Nuclear Association, “Chernobyl Accident 1986,” updated February 17, 2025.















