Composting at Furman

         One of the many ways the Greenbelt Community engages with sustainable living is through composting. Not only does composting help plant growth, but it also helps reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Best of all, it is easy to compost on Furman’s campus. The Furman Farm has a great composting program that is tied in with the Dining Hall and the Eco Reps program.  

          Since the Furman Farm is organic, it uses compost instead of synthetic fertilizer to give the plants nutrients. Synthetic fertilizer can cause eutrophication when the nitrogen from the fertilizer seeps into the groundwater and runs off into local bodies of water. This nitrogen provides plenty of nutrients for harmful algal blooms to rapidly form. Algal blooms soak in the dissolved oxygen from the water, leading to severely low oxygen levels. Fish, among other aquatic wildlife, will die from the lack of oxygen in the water (Schlossberg). While composting is nutrient-rich like fertilizer, it strains out pollutants from waterways, and when properly applied, does not pose a significant eutrophication risk (Guidice). In addition to using compost, the Furman Farm uses compost tea to water the plants. Compost tea is made of compost, water, and a small amount of brown sugar or molasses (Justus), which promotes plant growth. 

         Beyond being a more eco-conscious substitute for fertilizer, composting also helps reduce greenhouse gas emissions. When food is sent to a landfill, it decays anaerobically and releases methane into the atmosphere (Brooksbank). Methane accelerates climate change at a rate 25 times greater than carbon dioxide (EPA Greenhouse Gas Emissions). By composting, Furman is reducing the amount of methane released into the atmosphere, and thereby reducing its greenhouse gas emissions.

          The compost at the Furman Farm comes from the Dining Hall and the Eco Reps composting program. The Eco Reps provide compost bins and educational resources to Furman students interested in composting. There are several on-campus sites to dispose of the compost collected in the dorm bins. All of the food waste from the dirty plates in the Dining Hall is put into large bins that are taken to the off-campus composting site. This site houses several industrial-sized composting piles that get used at the Furman Farm once the organic matter decomposes. These compost piles are watered and turned regularly to promote an ideal environment for the microbes that break down the decomposing waste. Since these composting piles are so efficient, dairy and meat products can be composted at Furman instead of just plant products (The Green Guide 8). 

Image of composting at the Furman Farm
“Furman Farm Composting.” Furman Farm, 2022, https://www.furman.edu/sustainability/programs/furman-farm/

          Although Furman does a stellar job at turning food waste into compost, it is difficult to stop non-compostable trash from entering the wrong waste stream. Non-compostable trash in the Dining Hall refers to any plastics; the food waste and the brown paper napkins can compost. Many students are unaware of the need to dispose of the trash on their plate before sending the food waste back to the Dining Hall’s kitchen. The Dining Hall workers quickly compost what is on the plate, which makes it easy for hard-to-spot trash and hidden silverware to end up in the compost piles. When the food waste has decomposed, the compost is used on the Furman Farm. The student farm hands are left to deal with picking trash and silverware out of otherwise beneficial compost (Justus). Since the compost is used alongside the produce, it poses potential health problems when plastic trash ends up next to the plants that are harvested and sent to the Dining Hall. 

Plastic trash picked out of compost by Furman Farm student workers
“Trash picked out of compost at Furman Farm.” Justus, 2022.

         You can make a difference in Furman’s composting efforts by disposing of the non-compostable trash from your plate before putting your plate on the DH conveyor belt. Additionally, you can request a compost bin for your dorm from your Eco Rep. Your Eco Rep should contact you within the first month of the semester with information about receiving a compost bin. If you haven’t received an email about this, you can contact your RA. In order to avoid washing your compost bin every time, you can use compostable liners. This reduces the cleanup effort, which can help make composting a consistent habit. Small steps to become more environmentally-conscious can bring purpose to your life while helping your community become more sustainable.

Compost tea recipe:

Ingredients:

  • 50 gallon bin 
  • 5 gallon bucket of compost 
  • 1 tablespoon molasses or brown sugar

Instructions: 

  • Add compost and molasses/brown sugar into bin
  • Fill 50 gallon bin with water
  • Steep for a couple days until foamy 
  • Sift foam off of the compost tea
  • Agitate compost tea with shovel and refresh with more compost/sugar after it has been depleted 3-5 times 
“What to Compost.” The Greenbelt Guide, 2020.

Citations:

Brooksbank, Kim. “Composting to Avoid Methane Production – Western Australia.” 

Agriculture and Food, Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development , 9 Sept. 2022, https://www.agric.wa.gov.au/climate-change/composting-avoid-methane-production-%E2%80%93-western-australia. 

“Greenhouse Gas Emissions.” EPA, Environmental Protection Agency, 16 May 2022, 

https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/overview-greenhouse-gases#CH4-reference. 

Guidice, Heather. “Composting: An Easy Way to Reduce the Impacts of Food Waste & 

Improve Soil & Ocean Health .” Eat Blue, Eat Blue, 26 Feb. 2021, https://www.eat.blue/human-health/composting-an-easy-way-to-reduce-the-impacts-of-food-waste-improve-soil-ocean-health/. 

Justus, Kara. Personal interview. 24 September 2022. 

Schlossberg, Tatiana. “Fertilizers, a Boon to Agriculture, Pose Growing Threat to U.S. Waterways.” The New York Times, The New York Times, 27 July 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/27/climate/nitrogen-fertilizers-climate-change-pollution-waterways-global-warming.html. 

The Green Guide, Furman University, 2020, 

https://www.furman.edu/sustainability/wp-content/uploads/sites/181/2020/09/2020-Green-Guide.pdf. 

 

What we can learn from Vauban – one of the most successful sustainable urban development projects

While we are exploring our own little experiment of sustainable living in the Greenbelt community, I think it is important to look beyond our immediate bubble and take a look at other sustainable living concepts. While it is certainly valuable to generate our own ideas and projects through our creativity and spirit, we can also learn a lot from looking at other communities and their approaches and creative solutions that are successful or not. On our recent field trip, we saw one example of a remote community focused on sustainability, but I rather want to focus on another community that was based on the idea of urban sustainable development and set an example for many other projects to come.

A district of my hometown in Germany, Vauban, was used by the French occupation army as a military base until the fall of the wall in 1989 (5). When the city of Freiburg bought up the land in 1992, grassroots organizations made up of anti-nuclear protesters, environmental and student activists fought for the creation of a unique project of sustainable living to be implemented in this new district of the city (5, 6). The citizen participation in the upheaval of the project continued throughout the planning, implementation, and the actual living experience today and made the project what it is today. The district implements a unique concept for homeownership and energy, transportation, and community living. Vauban’s plan thus incorporated social, economic, and environmental dimensions which speak to a holistic approach to sustainable development that turned out to be very successful. Since its initial plans, it has won multiple national and international awards in sustainable urban design, development, and citizen participation by the United Nations and other institutions (4).

https://www.eltis.org/resources/photos/freiburg-vauban-living-street

Besides generally using democratic modes for decision-making in the planning process, democracy stays part of the life of the people who live in Vauban. The district was divided into different public and private interest groups that sought architects to build their neighborhoods after their interests and ideas. These interest groups established their own council and guidelines about how they wanted to live together in the neighborhood. The division into interest groups gave residents a voice in forming their environment. Many neighborhoods went above the general guidelines for the sustainability of Vauban and created even more energy-efficient and environmentally conscious housing. This shows how having a right to participation can foster the feeling of being able to make a difference and a sense of responsibility. I believe that this is a powerful way we can create a greater sense of responsibility for our decisions towards sustainability. Increasing student participation in big decisions our university takes regarding new building structures and our energy sources would improve the general environmental consciousness amongst the student body.

http://www.rolfdisch.de/projekte/die-solarsiedlung/

One example of these neighborhood communities is the “Sun ship”. Besides having a passive house standard (houses generating as much energy through renewable sources as they use) across all of Vauban, the “Sun ship” is a “Plus energy” neighborhood – the community creates more energy through solar and geothermal sources than it uses (4). Thus, it can feed surplus renewable energy back into the grid. Many other building techniques like the intentional placement of windows and trees for optimal heat retention and cooling, advanced insulation and passive ventilation technology, and other technologies were incorporated to achieve energy neutrality. While there is certainly a lot of practical building technology we can learn from these houses, I think more importantly we can see how these advanced technologies are not just big dreams of environmentalists but feasible options for designing homes.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

https://groupbuilding.net/2013/05/03/vauban/

Parking space is decentralized in parking garages and when signing a lease for an apartment, you commit yourself to living car-free or paying significantly high fees and annual taxes for a parking space in the garage. Carsharing is available and members get a free pass for all forms of public transport in Freiburg. Significant financial incentives and a great light rail, bus, and train connection lead to car ownership in Vauban of 75% lower than the average car ownership per person in the US (4). I think creating economic incentives such as higher fees for parking spaces while simultaneously making more sustainable transport options more accessible and financially beneficial can be leveraged on our campus to decrease short-distance car use.

 

http://ttfreiburg.de/mitmachen/urbanes-gaertnern/vauban/

While being connected well to the inner city of Freiburg, Vauban’s district concept also tries to encourage local sustenance by having local food supply as well as other stores within the district. One can find restaurants, organic convenience stores, small clothing, and art business, and community gardens distributed across Vauban (3). Besides emphasizing local sustenance, the placement of shops and community gathering places in the district has another intentionality – creating a tight-knit community was also a goal in Vauban’s design (2). As much as social sustainability can sound secondary in sustainable design, I think Vauban demonstrates that the tightness of a community can significantly enhance everyone’s willingness to commit to certain changes, increase the probability of actually realizing these changes, and maintain the projects by holding each other accountable.

To conclude, Vauban is a successful example of sustainable urban development that includes many approaches that we can learn from for our Greenbelt community. A major contributor to the success was the citizen participation that initiated the beginning of the project and remains the basis for the maintenance of the community. The US is a special place where novel entrepreneurship is highly supported, and this campus has many resources for us to create initiatives and make active decisions for the community. Thus, I think we are in a unique place and time of our lives when we can and should dream big.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Sources

  1. https://stadtteil-vauban.de/
  2. https://uclg-cisdp.org/sites/default/files/observatory/files/2021-06/Freiburg_EN.pdf
  3. https://www.smartcitiesdive.com/ex/sustainablecitiescollective/words-most-successful-model-sustainable-urban-development/229316/
  4. https://www.witpress.com/Secure/ejournals/papers/D%26NE080401f.pdf
  5. http://cjjnwdb.plusenergiehaus.de/files/pdf/Foro_Internacional_de_Vivienda_Sustentable_2010.pdf
  6. http://publications.rwth-aachen.de/record/231115/files/6_pt_materialien_32-1.pdf